—An up-to-date review paper on automotive sensors is presented. Attention is focused on sensors used in production automotive systems. The primary sensor technologies in use today are reviewed and are classified according to their three major areas ofautomotive systems application–powertrain, chassis, and body. This subject is extensive. As described in this paper, for use in automotive systems, there are six types of rotational motion sensors, four types of pressure sensors, five types of position sensors, and three types of temperature sensors. Additionally, two types of mass air flow sensors, five types of exhaust gas oxygen sensors, one type of engine knock sensor, four types of linear acceleration sensors, four types of angular-rate sensors, four types of occupant com-fort/convenience sensors, two types of near-distance obstacle detection sensors, four types of far-distance obstacle detection sensors, and and ten types of emerging, state-of the-art, sensors technologies are identified.
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In this paper we have completed an extensive survey on sensors and associated systems used in automobile applications. This article describes the various types of sensors used, their characteristics and utility for unique functions in an automobile. Additionally, we intend to create a comprehensive catalog of the multitude of sensors available in the market to help the consumer make an educated choice while customizing their application. The primary selection criteria for every sensor based on their compatibility with the surroundings is also addressed in detail. Furthermore, this paper aims to emphasize the importance of appropriate sensor selection to help achieve enhanced performance in the automobile sector.
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SENSORS IN AUTOMOBILES INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES SENSORS
Sensors are essential components of automotive electronic control systems. Sensors are defined as “devices that transform (or transduce) physical quantities such as pressure or acceleration (called measurands) into output signals (usually electrical) that serve as inputs for control systems". It wasn’t that long ago that the primary automotive sensors were discrete devices used to measure oil pressure, fuel level, coolant temperature, etc. Starting in the late1970s, microprocessor-based automotive engine control modules were phased into satisfy federal emissions regulations .These systems required new sensors such as MAP (manifold absolute pressure), air temperature, and exhaust-gas stoichiometric air-fuel-ratio operating point sensors. The need for sensors is evolving and is progressively growing. For example, in engine control applications, the number of sensors used will increase from approximately ten in1995, to more than thirty in 2010. Automotive engineers are challenged by a multitude of stringent requirements. For example, automotive sensors typically must have combined/total error less than 3% over their entire range of operating temperature and measurands change, including all measurement errors due to nonlinearity. Engine sensors in a vehicle are incorporated to provide the correct amount of fuel for all operating conditions. A large number of input sensors are monitored by the engine control unit. Today, sensor technology has become common in modern vehicles. Sensors enhance safety of the people - both on board and on road, control vehicle emissions and make vehicles more efficient. In this article, we will discuss different types of engine sensors used in modern vehicles. The aim of the present textbook was to review the importance of using sensors in automobiles from different points of view which include how fuel injection system works, crankshaft position sensor, cylinder head temperature gauge, internal combustion engine cooling, exhaust gas temperature gauge, idle air control actuator, engine knocking, manifold absolute pressure sensor (MAP), mass flow sensor, nitrogen oxide sensor, oxygen sensor, and throttle position sensor.
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This paper presents the development of a versatile sensor platform used for autonomous data acquisition. The key advantages of the platform are its compact design, implemented onboard sensors, standard interfaces to connect application specific sensors and subsequently simple installation and low costs for the preparation of a measurement task. The paper provides details of the platform design and key characteristics. Practical exemplary applications in the field of automotive sensing, covering thermal management related and passenger comfort related measurement tasks, are presented.
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MEMS (Micro-electromechanical systems) is an advanced technology that finds its application in several fields i.e., automotive electronics, medical equipment, hard disk drives, computer peripherals, wireless devices. This paper focuses on the application of MEMS devices exclusively in the automotive field. Pressure sensors have maximum demand in cars. After pressure sensors, the second largest demand is of accelerometer sensor. Other sensors such as Acoustic, Moisture, and Piezoresistive sensors are also in demand. In recent years, MEMS technology with a broad variety of MEMS sensors has been used widely in the automotive industry so much that at least 30 sensor nodes of a modern vehicle with 100 sensor nodes are MEMS and the automotive industry is the second largest market of MEMS technology.
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International Journal of Global Technology Initiatives
A normal automobile when parked for a few minutes during daytime becomes hot. When a person enters the automobile, it is so hot that he opens the door and waits for a few minutes before getting in. This hot air and such a situationare harmful and suffocating for an infant, children’s, disables and even for adults.Hence it is essential for us to not ignore it and to overcome it and find a remedy or if possible, eliminate the problem itself. Because such situation can be very harmful and leads to hospitalization and even death. In order to overcome such harmful and injurious situation, we are designing an alert and an exhaust system to deal with this problem. Basically, we are designing a system which can detect the harmful scenario by using sensors (NTC thermistor, frequency sensor, smoke detector) which is controlled by Arduino and safety measures are activated accordingly and alert the person regarding the harmful situation. After the safety measures are activated, the window moves.
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